|
The Treaty of Stettin ((スウェーデン語:Traktaten) or ''Fördraget i Stettin'') or Alliance of Stettin ((ドイツ語:Stettiner Allianz)) was the legal framework for the occupation of the Duchy of Pomerania by the Swedish Empire during the Thirty Years' War.〔Sturdy (2002), p.59〕 Concluded on 25 August (O.S.) or 4 September 1630 (N.S.), it was predated to 10 July (O.S.) or 20 July 1630 (N.S.), the date of the Swedish landing.〔In the 17th century, the Julian calendar was used in the region, which then was ten days late compared to the Gregorian calendar: Swedish invasion: 10 July - Julian, 20 July - Gregorian; Treaty: 25 August - Julian, 4 September - Gregorian.〕〔Langer (2003), p.406〕〔Heitz (1995), p.220〕 Sweden assumed military control,〔 and used the Pomeranian bridgehead for campaigns into Central and Southern Germany.〔Parker (1997), pp.120ff〕 After the death of the last Pomeranian duke in 1637, forces of the Holy Roman Empire invaded Pomerania to enforce Brandenburg's claims on succession, but they were defeated by Sweden in the ensuing battles.〔Heitz (1995), pp.223-229〕 Some of the Pomeranian nobility had changed sides and supported Brandenburg.〔Heitz (1995), p.225〕 By the end of the war, the treaty was superseded by the Peace of Westphalia (1648) and the subsequent Treaty of Stettin (1653), when Pomerania was partitioned into a western, Swedish part (Western Pomerania, thenceforth Swedish Pomerania), and an eastern, Brandenburgian part (Farther Pomerania, thenceforth the Brandenburg-Prussian Province of Pomerania).〔Heitz (1995), p.232〕 ==Background== Following the Capitulation of Franzburg in 1627, the Duchy of Pomerania was occupied by forces of Ferdinand II, Holy Roman Emperor, under command of Albrecht von Wallenstein.〔Langer (2003), p.402〕 The Swedish intervention in the Thirty Years' War began with the active military support of Stralsund,〔Heckel (1983), p.143〕 a Pomeranian Hanseatic port which since the Battle of Stralsund successfully resisted imperial occupation with Danish and Swedish support.〔Press (1991), p.213〕 Sweden and Stralsund concluded an alliance scheduled for twenty years.〔Olesen (2003), p.390〕 The Danish campaigns in Pomerania and other parts of the Holy Roman Empire ended with the Battle of Wolgast in 1628 and the subsequent Treaty of Lübeck in 1629.〔Heckel (1983), p.143〕 Except for Stralsund, all of Northern Germany was occupied by forces of the emperor and the Catholic League.〔Lockhart (2007), p.168〕 In 1629, the emperor initiated the Re-Catholization of these Protestant territories by issuing the Edict of Restitution.〔Kohler (1990), p.37〕 The Truce of Altmark ended the Polish–Swedish War (1626–1629) in September 1629, releasing the military capacities needed for an invasion of the Holy Roman Empire.〔 Plans of Gustavus Adolphus of Sweden for such an intervention were approved of by a Riksdag commission already in the winter of 1627/28, approval by the Riksråd followed in January 1629.〔Theologische Realenzyklopädie I (1993), p.172〕 On 26 June (O.S.)〔Ringmar (1996), p.5〕 or 6 July (N.S.) 1630,〔Schmidt (2006), p.49〕 Gustavus Adolphus of Sweden with a fleet of 27 ships arrived at the island of Usedom and made landfall near Peenemünde〔Oakley (1992), p.69〕 with 13,000 troops〔〔 (10,000 infantry and 3,000 cavalry〔 on thirteen transport ships〔). The core of the invasion force consisted of trained peasants, recruited to the Swedish army following Gustavus Adolphus' military reforms of 1623.〔The Swedish military reform of 1623 divided the Lands of Sweden into nine military recruitment districts, each of which had to provide 3,600 soldiers. Able peasants between 15 and 60 years of age were put into selection groups of ten people each, and one of each group was recruited. On the one hand, this system reduced Sweden's war costs - on the other hand, it led to rebellions, desertions, and emigration from sparsely populated districts. Kroll (2003), pp.143-144. ''See also'': Swedish allotment system.〕〔Kroll (2000), p.143〕 The western flank of the Swedish invasion force was cleared from Stralsund, which served as the basis for Swedish forces clearing Rügen and the adjacent mainland from 29 March until June 1630.〔Olesen (2003), p.394〕 The officially stated Swedish motives were: *Exclusion of Sweden from the Treaty of Lübeck (1629),〔Schmidt (2006), p.50〕 *Imperial support for Poland in the Polish–Swedish War (1626–1629),〔 *Liberation of German Protestantism,〔Basically referring to the principle of cuius regio, eius religio as determined in the Peace of Augsburg (1555)〕〔 *Restitution of German liberty.〔〔 The Swedish landing force faced Albrecht von Wallenstein's imperial occupation forces in Pomerania, commanded by Torquato Conti.〔Porshnev (1995), p.180〕 Large parts of the imperial army were pinned down in Italy and unable to react.〔Oakley (1992), p.70〕 Wallenstein, who two years before had expelled the Danish landing forces at the same place〔 was about to be dismissed.〔 On 9 July, Swedish forces took Stettin (now Szczecin),〔 but throughout 1630 were content with establishing themselves in the Oder estuary.〔 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Treaty of Stettin (1630)」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
|